The Cossacks exemplify this complexity.īy 1914 there were eleven separate Cossack communities, known as hosts, or voiska. They were distinguished not just by position in law but by cultural markers. It comprised manifold groups that emerged in different processes and adapted to the estate order. Historians such as Gregory Freeze, however, have argued that Russia’s social structure was more dynamic and complex. In return, the imperial regime granted the Cossacks collective allotments of land and exemption from taxation. The Cossack estate’s duty was universal male military service in mounted formations. Russian society in the 18 th century is commonly described as a hierarchical system of estates, in which the state categorised the population according to service rendered.
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